Time Partitions

Database partitioning is the technique that splits data in a large database into smaller chunks in order to improve the performance and scalability of the database system.

QuestDB offers the option to partition tables by intervals of time. Data for each interval is stored in separate sets of files.

Diagram of data column files and how they are partitioned to form a table

Properties#

Partitioning is only possible on tables with a designated timestamp.
Available partition intervals are NONE, YEAR, MONTH, WEEK, DAY, and HOUR.
Default behavior isPARTITION BY NONE when using CREATE TABLE.
Default behavior is PARTITION BY DAY via InfluxDB Line Protocol ingestion. This is set by line.default.partition.by.
Partitions are defined at table creation. For more information, refer to the CREATE TABLE section.
The naming convention for partition directories is as follows:

Table Partition	Partition format
`HOUR`	`YYYY-MM-DD-HH`
`DAY`	`YYYY-MM-DD`
`WEEK`	`YYYY-Www`
`MONTH`	`YYYY-MM`
`YEAR`	`YYYY`

Advantages of adding time partitions#

We recommend partitioning tables to benefit from the following advantages:

Reducing disk IO for timestamp interval searches. This is because our SQL optimizer leverages partitioning.
Significantly improving calculations and seek times. This is achieved by leveraging the chronology and relative immutability of data for previous partitions.
Separating data files physically. This makes it easy to implement file retention policies or extract certain intervals.
Enables out-of-order indexing. From QuestDB 7.2, heavily out-of-order commits can split the partitions into parts to reduce write amplification.

Checking time partition information#

The following SQL keyword and function are implemented to present the partition information of a table:

The SQL keyword SHOW PARTITIONS returns general partition information for the selected table.
The function table_partitions('tableName') returns the same information as SHOW PARTITIONS and can be used in a SELECT statement to support more complicated queries such as WHERE, JOIN, and UNION.

Splitting and squashing time partitions#

From QuestDB 7.2, heavily out-of-order commits can split the partitions into parts to reduce write amplification. When data is merged into an existing partition as a result of an out-of-order insert, the partition will be split into two parts: the prefix sub-partition and the suffix sub-partition.

A partition split happens when both of the following are true:

The prefix size is bigger than the combination of the suffix and the rows to be merged.
The estimated prefix size on disk is higher than cairo.o3.partition.split.min.size (50MB by default).

Partition split is iterative and therefore a partition can be split into more than two parts after several commits. To control the number of parts QuestDB squashes them together following the following principles:

For the last (yearly, ..., hourly) partition, its parts are squashed together when the number of parts exceeds cairo.o3.last.partition.max.splits (20 by default).
For all the partitions except the last one, the QuestDB engine squashes them aggressively to maintain only one physical partition at the end of every commit.

All partition operations (ALTER TABLE ATTACH/ DETACH/ DROP PARTITION) do not consider partition splits as individual partitions and work on the table partitioning unit (year, week, ..., hour).

For example, when a daily partition consisting of several parts is dropped, all the parts belonging to the given date are dropped. Similarly, when the multipart daily partition is detached, it is squashed into a single piece first and then detached.

Examples#

For example, Let's consider the following table x:

CREATE TABLE x AS (
  SELECT
    cast(x as int) i,
    - x j,
    rnd_str(5, 16, 2) as str,
    timestamp_sequence('2023-02-04T00', 60 * 1000L) ts
  FROM
    long_sequence(60 * 23 * 2 * 1000)
) timestamp (ts) PARTITION BY DAY WAL;

SHOW PARTITIONS FROM x;

index	partitionBy	name	minTimestamp	maxTimestamp	numRows	diskSize	diskSizeHuman	readOnly	active	attached	detached	attachable
0	DAY	2023-02-04	2023-02-04T00:00:00.000000Z	2023-02-04T23:59:59.940000Z	1440000	71281136	68.0 MiB	FALSE	FALSE	TRUE	FALSE	FALSE
1	DAY	2023-02-05	2023-02-05T00:00:00.000000Z	2023-02-05T21:59:59.940000Z	1320000	100663296	96.0 MiB	FALSE	TRUE	TRUE	FALSE	FALSE

Inserting an out-of-order row:

INSERT INTO
  x(ts)
VALUES
  ('2023-02-05T21');


SHOW PARTITIONS FROM x;

index	partitionBy	name	minTimestamp	maxTimestamp	numRows	diskSize	diskSizeHuman	readOnly	active	attached	detached	attachable
0	DAY	2023-02-04	2023-02-04T00:00:00.000000Z	2023-02-04T23:59:59.940000Z	1440000	71281136	68.0 MiB	FALSE	FALSE	TRUE	FALSE	FALSE
1	DAY	2023-02-05	2023-02-05T00:00:00.000000Z	2023-02-05T20:59:59.880000Z	1259999	65388544	62.4 MiB	FALSE	FALSE	TRUE	FALSE	FALSE
2	DAY	2023-02-05T205959-880001	2023-02-05T20:59:59.940000Z	2023-02-05T21:59:59.940000Z	60002	83886080	80.0 MiB	FALSE	TRUE	TRUE	FALSE	FALSE

To merge the new partition part back to the main partition for downgrading:

ALTER TABLE x SQUASH PARTITIONS;

SHOW PARTITIONS FROM x;

index	partitionBy	name	minTimestamp	maxTimestamp	numRows	diskSize	diskSizeHuman	readOnly	active	attached	detached	attachable
0	DAY	2023-02-04	2023-02-04T00:00:00.000000Z	2023-02-04T23:59:59.940000Z	1440000	71281136	68.0 MiB	FALSE	FALSE	TRUE	FALSE	FALSE
1	DAY	2023-02-05	2023-02-05T00:00:00.000000Z	2023-02-05T21:59:59.940000Z	1320001	65388544	62.4 MiB	FALSE	TRUE	TRUE	FALSE	FALSE

Storage example#

Each partition effectively is a directory on the host machine corresponding to the partitioning interval. In the example below, we assume a table trips that has been partitioned using PARTITION BY MONTH.

[quest-user trips]$ dir
2017-03     2017-10   2018-05     2019-02
2017-04     2017-11   2018-06     2019-03
2017-05     2017-12   2018-07     2019-04
2017-06     2018-01   2018-08   2019-05
2017-07     2018-02   2018-09   2019-06
2017-08     2018-03   2018-10
2017-09     2018-04   2018-11

Each partition on the disk contains the column data files of the corresponding timestamp interval.

[quest-user 2019-06]$ dir
_archive    cab_type.v              dropoff_latitude.d     ehail_fee.d
cab_type.d  congestion_surcharge.d  dropoff_location_id.d  extra.d
cab_type.k  dropoff_datetime.d      dropoff_longitude.d    fare_amount.d